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例1:

原文:

对外贸易经营者依法自主经营、自负盈亏。

参考译文

Foreign trade dealers shall, in accordance with the law, enjoy full autonomy in their business operation and be responsible for their own profits and losses.

例2:

原文:

    国务院外汇管理部门及其分支机构(以下统称外汇管理机关),依法履行外汇管理职责,负责本条例的实施。

参考译文

    The foreign exchange control department under the State Council and the branches thereof (hereinafter referred to as foreign exchange control organs) shall, in accordance with law, perform the functions of foreign exchange control and be responsible for the implementation of these Regulations.

例3:

原文:

Whenever the United States government or any officer or agency thereof shall provide pensions or other aid for the aged, cooperation by the State therewith and therein is hereby authorized in such manner and to such extent as may be provided by law.

Notes:

1)  原文“any officer or agency thereof”应译成“任何政府官员或政府机构”, thereof是法律英语用词,意为“of the United States government”。

2)  原文“therewith and therein” 是法律英语用词,分别意为“with the United States government or any officer or agency thereof”和“in providing pensions or other aid for the aged”。因此,原文“cooperation by the State therewith and therein”应译成:“本州协助联邦政府、政府官员或政府机构提供的上述养老金或其它帮助”

3)  原文“hereby”是英语法律条款中常用的副词,意为:“特此,因此,兹”。

4)  原文“by law.”,文中的“by law”是“依法”、“按照法律”之意,是不可数名词。

参考译文

    无论何时美国联邦政府或任何政府官员或政府机构应向老年人提供养老金或其它帮助,本州协助联邦政府、政府官员或政府机构提供的上述养老金或其它帮助,按照法律可能规定的方式和程度,应特此予以授权。

3.关于“一方,另一方”的译法:

“一方,另一方”在法律、合同文件经常出现的用语,其中“一方”是指“当事人一方”、“当事人中的任何一方”之意。在中译英时,不能按字面翻译,译成one party 或one of the Parties,从英文字的含义来说one party是指a particular party之意,是确指,而either,按牛津高级词典解释,是指两者之一。在法律条文中的“一方”往往是指“当事人中的任何一方”,应当译成either party 或either of the parties。下例各句中“一方”都是“当事人中的任何一方”之意。

例1:

原文:

    当事人达成仲裁协议,向人民法院起诉的,人民法院不予受理,但仲裁协议无效的除外。

Notes:

原文中的“一方”,根据本条文含义,“一方向人民法院起诉的,”是指“达成仲裁协议当事人中的任何一方”,而决不是指“向人民法院起诉的一方”是确定的。因此这里的“一方”不译成one party 或one of the Parties,应当译成either party 或either of the parties。

参考译文

    A people’s court shall not accept an action initiated by either of the parties if the Parties have concluded and entered into an arbitration agreement, unless the arbitration agreement is invalid.

例2:

原文

    当事人一方违约后,对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大;没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的,不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。

参考译文

After either party violates a contract, the other party shall take proper measures to prevent the increase of the losses. Provided that where the other party fails to take proper measures so that the losses are increased, the party in question shall not claim any compensation in relation to the increased losses.

例3:

原文

    当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定,给对方造成损失的,损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失,包括合同履行后可以获得的利益,但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。

参考译文:

    Where either party to a contract fails to perform the contract obligations or its performance fails to satisfy the requirements and provisions of the contract and causes loss to the other party, the amount of compensation for losses shall be equal to the losses caused by the breach of contract, including the obtainable gains after the performance of the contract, provided that the amount of compensation shall not exceed such probable foreseen losses caused by the breach of contract as has been foreseen or as shall be foreseen when the breaching party concludes the contract.

4.关于“中央储备粮”的译法:

中央储备粮”意为“中央人民政府的储备粮”,应译成:grain reserves of the central people’s government,而不能按字面意思译成:the central grain reserves。按照牛津英文词典的字义解释,central: (1)意为“of, at, near or forming the centre of sth”(中央的,在中心的,形成中心的)。例如,We live in central London. (我们住在倫敦中部);Our house is very central, i.e. is in or close to the centre of the town.)(我们的房子就在市中心)。(2)意为having overall power or control(有全部权力或控制力的)。例如,central government, i. e. the government of the whole country, as contracted with the local government.(中央政府,即区别于地方政府)。

以上可见“中央储备粮”,既不是“处于中心的储备粮”,也不可能是“有全部权力或控制力的储备粮”,而是“中央人民政府的储备粮”,应译成:grain reserves of the central people’s government。请看以下例子:

例1:

原文:

为了加强对中央储备粮的管理,保证中央储备粮数量真实、质量良好和储存安全,保护农民利益,维护粮食市场稳定,有效发挥中央储备粮在国家宏观调控中的作用,制定本条例。

参考译文:

These Regulations are formulated and enacted in order to strengthen the administration of grain reserves of the central peoples government, ensure their authentic quantity, high quality and safe storage of the reserves in question, safeguard farmers' interests, maintain the stability of the grain market, and play the effective role of grain reserves of the central people’s government in the State macro-control system.

5.关于“技术规范”的译法:

    所谓“技术规范”是指对建造某一项目的技术要求和范围,规定了所用材料的质量和工艺标准,应译成technical specifications,而不应译成technical norms。

    按照牛津英文词典的字义解释,specifications意为details and instructions describing the design, materials, etc of sth to be made or done (规格;规格说明)。例如,specifications for building a garage(建造车库的规格说明);the technical specifications of a new car (新汽车的技术规范)。而norms则意为standard or pattern that is typical (of a group, etc),You must adapt to the norms of the society you live in.(在社会中生活就要遵循社会行为准则。)

    以上可见specifications主要用于技术上的要求,标准和规范,而norms主要用于行为准则,规范。下面各例都是指技术规范,都用specifications。

例1:

原文:

       中国储备粮管理总公司直属企业、中央储备粮代储企业(以下统称承储企业)储存中央储备粮,应当严格执行国家有关中央储备粮管理的行政法规、规章、国家标准和技术规范,以及中国储备粮管理总公司依照有关行政法规、规章、国家标准和技术规范制定的各项业务管理制度。

参考译文

The enterprises directly subordinated to the China Grain Reserves Corporation and the enterprises entrusted with the storage of grain reserves of the central people’s government (hereinafter collectively referred to as the storing enterprises) shall, in the storage of grain reserves of the central people’s government, strictly comply with the administrative regulations, rules, national standards and technical specifications on the administration of grain reserves of the central people’s government, and with the various business management systems formulated by the China Grain Reserves Corporation in accordance with the relevant administrative regulations, rules, national standards and technical specifications.

例2:

原文:

    “Specification”means the specification of the Works included in the Contract and any modification thereof or addition thereto under Clause 51 or submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer.

参考译文:

    “规范”是指合同规定的工程规范,以及任何根据第51条或由承包人提出并经工程师批准的对规范的修改或增补。

6.关于“但、但是”的译法:

    法律条文中的“但、但是”不能按不字面意思,译成but,这种译法意思并不准确。按“重神似”的原则,应把“但、但是”内在含义译出。法律条文往往在同一个条文中对某事作了规定后,需要作进一步规定时,在语气上常常用“但是”“但”等词表转折,然而,法律条文中的“但是”“但”,并不是我们平常意义中的“但是”,是法律上的“进一步规定”之意,法律英语中,我们常用provided that,provided also that, provided however that或provided further that 来表示。在美国的法律文件中通常在provided 和that之间用逗号逗开,写成:provided, that;provided ,also, that; provided, however, that或provided ,further, that 来表示,这些词组都表示“但规定”,“进一步规定”“但是”等意。

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